HISTORY

Ancient Malaysia:  35,000 BC - 100 BC
Historians often speak of Malaysia's ancient past as something "shrouded in mystery," a kind of black hole in Asian history.  The truth is that there is not much archeological evidence or written records from ancient Malaysia; but it is likely that this situation will change.  Many suspect that there are more prehistoric archeological sites along the coasts and in the jungles and hills, but given Malaysia's riotous vegetation it will take time to find them.  We do know that homo sapiens have been in Malaysia for a long time.  The oldest known evidence of human habitation is a skull from the Niah Caves in Sarawak dating from 35,000 years before Christ.  On the peninsula, Stone Age tools and implements from about 10,000 BC have been found, and some archeologists suggest that they were left there by the predecessors of the Negrito aborigines - one of the earliest groups to inhabit the peninsula.  We also know that about 2,500 years before Christ a much more technologically advanced group migrated to the peninsula from China.  Called the Proto-Malays, they were seafarers and farmers, and their advances into the peninsula forced the Negritos into the hills and jungles.  History's periodic waves of cultural evolution, however, soon created another group, the Deutero-Malays.  They were a combination of many peoples - Indians, Chinese, Siamese, Arabs, and Proto-Malays - and they had risen by mastering the use of iron.  Combined with the peoples of Indonesia, the Deutero-Malays formed the racial basis for the group which today we simply call the Malay. In the Bujang Valley in Kedah is Malaysia's most extensive archeological site -- the sprawling ruins of an ancient Hindu kingdom dating back to 300 AD.  Over 50 tomb temples dot the site, and hundreds of relics are on display in the nearby Bujang Valley Archaeological Museum

Hindu Kingdoms:  100 BC - 1400 AD
Early writings from India speak of a place called Savarnadvipa -- the Land of Gold.  This mystical, fantastically wealthy kingdom was said to lie in a far away and unknown land, and legend holds that it was on an odyssey in search of Savarnadvipa that the first Indians were lured to the Malay Peninsula.  Blown across the Bay of Bengal by the reliable winds of the southwest monsoon, they arrived in Kedah sometime around 100 BC.  Whether or not the civilization they encountered there was the one from the ancient chronicles will probably never be known, but it is certain that the sailors considered the trip lucrative.  From that point on, and ever-growing stream of Indian traders arrived in search of gold, aromatic wood, and spices.  Goods were not the only items exchanged in the peninsula's ports: the Indians also brought a pervasive culture.  Hinduism and Buddhism swept through the land, bringing temples and Indian cultural traditions. Local kings, who sent emissaries to the subcontinent, were impressed by the efficiency of the Hindu courts, and soon began to refer to themselves as "rajahs."  They integrated what they considered the best Indian governmental traditions with the existing structure, and historians typically refer to these kingdoms as "Indianised kingdoms."  Today, the most visible example of the early Indian influence is in the Malay wedding ceremony, which is very similar that of the subcontinent.

Islam and the Golden Age of Malacca:  1400 AD - 1511 AD
Until the 15th century, the Hindu kingdoms of peninsular Malaysia were largely overshadowed by neighboring kingdoms in Cambodia and Indonesia.  The strongest of these kingdoms was called Srivijaya, and the records of Chinese, Indian, and Arab traders laud it as the best trading port in the region.  It was the first great maritime kingdom in the Malay Archipelago, and other ports quickly emulated its success.  At some time around the 13th century, as other entrepots emerged, Srivijaya's influence declined.  The lack of a strong central power, coupled with the ever-present nuisance of pirates, amplified the need for secure, well-equipped port in the region.  Fate would make this port the city of Malacca.  According to the Malay Annals, Malacca was founded in 1400 by a fleeing Palembang prince named Parameswara.  It's rise from a village of royal refugees to a wealthy kingdom was swift.  Perfectly located for trade, within 50 years it was the most influential port in Southeast Asia.  At any one time, ships from a dozen kingdoms great and small could be seen in the harbor.  With these traders came Islam, and Malacca's rulers now referred to themselves as "sultans."  The sultans were the heads of a highly organized municipal government, whose main purpose was to facilitate trade.  Every incoming ship was met by a multilingual harbor captain, whose staff would see to all the vessel's needs.  There were also guarded storehouses where goods from the interior and abroad could be stored until traders arrived.  Most importantly, Malacca was able to control what had always been the bane of trade in the Straits area - pirates.  By building alliances with outlying tribes and ports, Malacca established a kind of regional "navy" that policed the local waters and escorted friendly vessels.  With the success and power it enjoyed, Malacca came to control the entire west coast of the Malay Peninsula, the kingdom of Pahang, and much of Sumatra.  At the height of its power, however, fate would ruin the city as quickly as it built it up.  In 1511, the Portuguese arrived, beginning a colonial legacy that would last well into the 20th century.

Colonial Malaysia:  1511 AD - 1957 AD
At the beginning of the 16th century, the eastern spice trade was routed through Egypt, and no non-Muslim vessel was permitted to dock in Arabian ports.  The competing European powers, painfully aware of the need for an open trade route to India and the Far East, sought to establish their own trading ports at the source.  In 1511, a Portuguese fleet led by Alfonso de Albuquerque sailed into Malacca's harbor, opened fire with cannon, and captured the city.  Malacca's golden age had come to an end.  The Portuguese constructed a massive fort in Malacca - a Famosa - which the Dutch captured in turn in 1641.  This would give the Dutch an almost exclusive lock on the spice trade until 1785, when the British East India Company convinced the Sultan of Kedah to allow them to build a fort on the island of Penang.  The British were mainly interested in having a safe port for ships on their way to China, but when France captured the Netherlands in 1795, England's role in the region would amplify.  Rather than hand Malacca over to the French, the Dutch government in exile agreed to let England temporarily oversee the port.  The British returned the city to the Dutch in 1808, but it was soon handed back to the British once again in a trade for Bencoleen, Sumatra.  The Dutch still largely controlled the region, however, and in 1819 Britain sent Sir William Raffles to establish a trading post in Singapore. These three British colonies - Penang, Malacca, and Singapore - came to be known as the Straits Settlements.  While the European powers played their regional chess game, the local Malay sultanates continued on their own affairs.  After Malacca was captured, the new Muslim trading center became Johor, then later on Perak.  Both the Minangkabau Immigrants from Sumatra and the Bugi people from Celebes immigrated to the peninsula in large numbers, leaving lasting cultural contributions.  In the late 1860's, a number of Malay kingdoms began fighting each other for control of the throne of Perak, causing enough of a disturbance in the region to inspire Britain to intervene and essentially force the Malay rulers to sign a peace treaty known as the Pangkor Agreement in 1874.  The treaty, unsurprisingly, gave Britain a much greater role in the region - a role it would need in order to maintain its monopoly on the vast amount of tin being mined in the peninsula.  Coupled with the power of the White Rajas in Borneo, Britain ruled over what was then called Malaya until the Japanese invaded and ousted them in 1942.  During this time, large numbers of Chinese fled to the jungle and established an armed resistance which, after war's end, would become the basis for an infamous communist insurgency.  In 1945, when WW II ended, Britain resumed control again, but Malaya's independence movement had matured and organized itself in an alliance under Tunku Abdul Rahman.  When the British flag was finally lowered in Kuala Lumpur's Merdeka Square in 1957, Tunku became the first prime minister of Malaya.